A Practical Procedure to Determine Natural Radionuclides in Solid Materials from Mining
نویسندگان
چکیده
There are many regulations related to the radiological control of NORMs (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) in activities such as mining, industry, etc. Consequently, it is necessary apply fast and accurate methods measure activity concentrations long-lived natural radionuclides (e.g., 238U, 234,232,230,228Th, 228,226Ra, 210Pb, 210Po, 40K) samples characterized by a wide variety compositions densities, mining (wastes, minerals, scales). Thus, relevant calculate radioactive index (RI), which summarizes for all ratio between concentration its respective threshold established regulations, order classify material NORM. To proceed with determinations these radionuclides, two spectrometric techniques based on both alpha-particle gamma-ray detections should be employed. In case spectrometry, correct full-energy peak efficiency (FEPE) obtained calibration sample, εc, due self-attenuation true coincidence summing (TCS) effects. The correction especially significant at low gamma emission energies, that is, Eγ < 150 keV, 46 keV (210Pb) 63 (234Th). On other hand, contain secular disequilibrium others belonging same series (238U or 232Th series), like wastes intermediate products, some pure-alpha emitters (232Th, 230Th, 210Po) employing spectrometry. A practical general validated procedure alpha using semiconductor detectors presented this study.
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Minerals
سال: 2022
ISSN: ['2075-163X']
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/min12050611